Nemzeti ajánlások type sugger diaband
The case of Albanians in Southern Serbia local governments cannot do much about it. The fact that Albanian cannot be used in practice in many spheres of communication has also a gender aspect.
It is especially a nemzeti ajánlások type sugger diaband for Albanian women and children who often know very little Serbian, while the men in general have a good command of Serbian. It would not only improve their employment situation, but as a positive side effect it would provide the opportunity to implement the official use of Albanian more widely. Nevertheless, in general, responsibility would lie more with local authorities for fulfilling the need for integration and official language use of Albanian, and the Serbian state would be less easily blamed for the lack of progress.
One solution could be the delegation of these functions to municipal local governments, while the state could still sustain its control over the lawfulness and appropriateness of the conduct of these functions.
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At the same time, local authorities could have an influence over employment practices in these institutions, as is the case in Macedonia. If the Serbian state insists on maintaining the district-level administration system, then it should be a priority to achieve proportionate representation of Albanians and other minorities in these institutions. It would be also desirable to define districts corresponding to the needs of national minorities; in this case, the three municipalities of Preševo Valley could constitute one single district.
Globális korszakváltás? Alkotmánymódosítási kísérlet Novák Zoltán a parlamenti szavazás után fejtette ki véleményét az Inforádió riporterének. Választás után cimke: lakatos júlia, November 9-én, szerda reggel kor Lakatos Júlia az Atv Start című műsorában értékeli az amerikai választások eredményét. Amerika két arca cimke: csizmadia ervin, Csizmadia Ervin a Klubrádió Hetes stúdió című műsorában a két Amerikáról beszélt. Moving to the right cimke: attila tibor nagy, Fidesz officially condemns right-wing extremism," says Attila Tibor Nagy to the German Spiegel Online.
However, full implementation of language rights would re quire further action by the state, besides decentralization. Economic situation Preševo Valley has been traditionally an economically neglected region in Serbia, with per capita income of less than one-third the Serbian average.
A lot of villages even today lack electricity, piped water, telephone and surfaced roads. In the last few years international donors have invested a lot of money in the local infrastructure, while the Serbian government gave most funding to the municipality of Medveða, which is the only Serb-majority area in the Valley.
This kind of investment policy of the state not only makes Albanians feel like second-class citizens of Serbia, but also remains a continued source of disappointment and instability. Municipal local governments have been left out of the process, and Serbs took control of lucrative firms with the help of the centrally-controlled Privatisation Agency.
According to local analysts, Albanians do not have equal chances to purchase companies. While in other parts of Serbia most firms have been sold banán hizlal, in Preševo Valley very few companies have been privatised since At the same time, local municipal governments do not have many tools at their disposal to attract investment.
They can offer breaks from local taxes, yet they cannot offer property for investors, since all public property is owned by the state. Therefore, increasing the role of local governments in local economic 32 ICG Report,op. The municipality of Vladičin Han and the BIA put political pressure on the Agency for Privati sation to annul the auction, because Nexhat Beluli, an Albanian businessman from Buja novac, wanted to buy it.
Nevertheless, as long as Kosovo remains in a legal limbo, southern Serbia will not be perceived as a stable environment, and investors will probably keep away. Other corrective measures needed Besides the problems discussed above, which can be to some extent associated with the lack of sufficient local autonomy, there are further concerns that could be addressed through means other than decentralization.
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Such issues are related to education, refugee return and the presence of armed forces in the Valley that keep fuelling resentment among the local population. Education Preševo has eight Albanian primary schools, one Serbian and a mixed high school.
Bujanovac has six primary schools and one high school, two of which are Serbian. A peculiar situation emerged in which diplomas received at Kosovar universities are accepted in practice sinceyet there has been no official decision in terms of legislation in Serbia. The use of textbooks brought from Kosovo is allowed in practice, yet the curricula kezelése üszkösödés cukorbetegség not been harmonised with Serbian curricula.
Moreover, which particular books will be approved depends on ad hoc decisions of civil servants in Belgrade. On the whole, due to the lack of official regulation, the recognition of diplomas and permitting the use of textbooks depend on the goodwill of the central authorities. This is not an ideal solution, since it keeps the Albanian minority vulnerable to the political mood of the central 34 ICG Report,op.
Refugee return Another grievance of local Albanians is the fact that many who fled the area to Kosovo during the conflict in cannot return. They cannot go back either because UNMIK papers are not recognised in Serbia or because most of the houses that were destroyed during the conflict have not been rebuilt.
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Around 3, people from Bujanovac live as IDPs internally displaced persons in Kosovo currently, most of them in Gjilanje. Not only the policies of Milose- vic, but economic hardships also prompted mass emigration to Kosovo and to Western Europe, which was also characteristic of other minority communities in Serbia, such as the Hungarians.
In the former Yugoslavia, there were no borders between Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia, and Albanians living along these three borders fostered intense social links with each other.
A report commissioned by Freedom House38 urged the Serbian and the Kosovar governments, to improve economic ties and free movement of people along the Serbian-Kosovar border with the assistance of the European Union, which would require a change in trade and visa regimes in both countries.
Another aspect of this problem, however, which was not mentioned by the report, is that the Albanian population living on both sides of the Serbian-Kosovar border and the Serbian minority living in Kosovo would especially need the improvement of trade nemzeti ajánlások type sugger diaband visa regimes between Kosovo and Serbia.
Since the interests seem to be mutual, trade and visa regimes should be placed at the top of the negotiations agenda between Serbia and Kosovo. The establishment of the multi-ethnic police force with the assistance of OSCE can be regarded as a real success. In the municipal police in Bujanovac, for instance, the chief of police is a Serb, but one of his deputies is an Albanian.
Yet, at the district-level, which has its centre in Vranje and includes seven municipalities, Albanians are not represented at all.
However, essential policing power, with the right of carrying out searches and arrests still lies with the Gendarmerie, which is a special police body incorporating former members of the Serbian state security.
The presence of the Gendarmerie is very intimidating for local Albanians, as they drive around in the villages brandishing their machine guns in a demonstration of force. Their active operation in a 5-kilometer-wide border zone with Kosovo and Macedonia see on map1 prevents the free movement of people within the area and the use of land. Local Albanians would prefer the buffer zone to be reduced to meters instead of 5 kilometres. Certainly the deployment of special forces in such high numbers in the area does suggest that the state relates to this population as a potential enemy, and such an attitude certainly does not help to build trust and stability in the region.
Therefore, one of the highest priorities for Albanian politicians is the demilitarisation of Southern Serbia. Moreover, although the multi-ethnic police has been created, its authority is limited compared to that of the Gendarmerie. Albanian politicians would prefer the local multi-ethnic police to guard the borders and for ethnic Albanians to be incorporated into border police bodies and custom services, which currently do not employ Albanians.
Local Albanian politics The issues explored above have to be addressed in the context of local politics. Interestingly, the Albanian minority is among the few in Serbia that has not formed its own national council.
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It is an important fact, because according to the law on national minorities, national councils are the bodies through which cultural autonomy can be realised in Serbia. That they have failed to set up their national council is telling about their attitude towards the Serbian state and also about their internal political dynamics.
Part of the reason might be that forming their council would imply acceptance of the fact that their country is Serbia. ICG, The case of Albanians in Cukorbetegség hólyaghurut kezelésére Serbia development, taking into account that they have boycotted all national election over the last 15 years.
The other reason why Albanian parties failed to form their national council was due to disagreements about who should be its leader. In the three municipalities of the Valley, Albanian parties together control 66 seats in local assemblies, out of which 34 belongs to PDD. The other Albanian parties do not want PDD to dominate the national council, which would be inevitable due to its numerical majority. The failure to set up the Albanian National Council often serves as an excuse for Serbian authorities as to why many Albanian national minority rights, such as official language use, are not implemented in practice.
Nevertheless, forming their national council would be the minimum Albanians could do to assert their minority rights. Given their unwillingness to create their national council, it is somewhat strange to put all the blame on Belgrade for the lack of progress. PDD, which is still the most popular among Albanian voters, represents a moderate political option, fighting for the rights of Albanians in the Serbian state. Its leader, Riza Halimi, has been the chief negotiator with Belgrade and the international community.
During the last local elections in Nemzeti ajánlások type sugger diaband in Preševo, the PDD failed to win the majority in the local assembly.
In Medveða, Albanian parties won only 7 seats.
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The recent local elections in Preševo represent the first time a radical Al banian party promoting unification with Kosovo came out as strongest and nemzeti ajánlások type sugger diaband form the ruling coalition. The Kosovar Albanian leadership also tries to keep tensions low in Preševo Valley, which also does not favour extremists. Despite that fact that a radical mayor took over the office in Preševo, the security situation seems quite stable at the moment.
See same source for more on local politics. It is very unlikely that the Albanians in Preševo Valley would want to take up arms to join an independent Kosovo within its present borders. Yet, they emphasise that if Kosovo becomes independent, it would not trigger irredentist aspirations in the Valley.
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While the first could be dealt with if there was sufficient political will in Serbia and help from the international community, the second represents a trickier challenge. Tensions could still escalate, if for instance in the the inde pendent Kosovo a new upsurge of violence would prompt a large influx of Serbian refugees from Kosovo to Southern Ser bia, tipping the delicate ethnic balance in the region.
Already around 3, Serbian refugees live in the area near Bujanovac. The arrival of Serbs fleeing from Kosovo might be especially dangerous, since ethnic tolerance can hardly be expected from people who just lost their homes in Kosovo and are ready to take revenge.
The presence of the Gendarmerie and its possible reaction to potential unrest is a matter of concern as well. The refore it is very important that authorities prepare for such a scenario and establish refugee camps outside of the Albanian- inhabited areas. Most functions, including health care, schools, water supply and telephone services, are controlled by Serbia, hence the area is de facto under Serbian authority. Addressing them has been a long overdue task of the Serbian state, such as the proportional integration of Albanians in all state and public institutions.
The plat- form also mentions the need for decentralization, foreseeing some kind territorial autonomy for Preševo Valley.
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- Try to be concise and keep to the point.
The case of Albanians in Southern Serbia are due the same rights that the Serbs demand in Kosovo; meaning essential decentralization at the municipal level. This would please not only mino rities but all local municipalities regardless of ethnicity.
Decent ralization could also accelerate the integration of Albanians into the public sector, and create better conditions for the official use of the Albanian language.
Whatever happens in Kosovo, it is very likely that developments there will have an impact on the security situation in Southern Serbia. Therefore it would be urgent to address the grievances of the Albanian minority in Preševo Valley in an effective and credible fashion. The solutions are not hard to find, in fact they are ready on the table. Moving on with the Čović plan, reducing the presence of the Gendarmerie and continuing the decentralization nemzeti ajánlások type sugger diaband started in could be effective ways to reduce ethnic tensions in the Valley and prevent a renewed escalation of conflict.
Such measures could make the Albanians of Preševo Valley feel more like equal citizens of, and at home in, Serbia. The most important next step would be the devolution of property to municipal governments. The borders and the role of districts should be also reconsidered. Since the right to official language use has been granted to diabetes mellitus etrend Albanian minority nemzeti ajánlások type sugger diaband the Law on Protection of Rights and Freedoms of National Minorities,52 the Serbian state should take the necessary action to ensure that the law nemzeti ajánlások type sugger diaband implemented in practice.
While Albanians are not able to set up their national council, it is somewhat strange to put all the blame on the Serbian state for the lack of implementation of their cultural and language rights. The responsibility lies not only with the Serbian government, but also with local Albanian politicians who should pursue a politics of cooperation rather than confrontation. The international community should provide financial and technical assistance to Serbia, recognising that stabilising the Valley is a regional interest.
Szerbia decentralizációja: a kisebbségi dimenzió új kép kellene, ez ekkora Map 1. Map of Kosovo with Sandzak and Southern Serbia
